People In California Essays - American Old West,

People in California People in California wanted mail. The telegraph line was not connected that far west in 1860, and trains did not pass the Missouri river. It took almost took a month to get a letter by ship or stage coach. That's why the Pony Express was started. In the mid 1800's gold was discovered in California. Thousands of people hitched their wagons and headed west for the chance of striking it rich. The state of California grew from about 20,000 to 500,000 people in 5 years. They wanted the conveniences they had back east, especially regular mail service. The railroad and telegraph lines did not reach California, and ships and stage coaches took too long. Finally, in 1860 plans for a 10 day mail route using horses was introduced and called the Pony Express. An ad in many newspapers across the states read: Wanted Young, skinny, wiry, fellows not over eighteen. Must be expert riders willing to risk death daily. Orphans preferred. Wages $25.00 per week. The advertisement was luring. Twenty-five dollars a week was a high salary at that time and being a rider was a glamourous job. Hundreds of young men answered the ad but only 80 were chosen. Those 80 riders had to have high moral standards and take an oath that said that said that they wouldn't drink, fight or use profane language. Despite the oath, it is difficult to imagine these riders not uttering some colorful language when being hotly pursued by Indians. To protect themselves against Indian attacks the riders were given two revolvers, a shotgun, a knife, and a bible. After awhile they couldn't find room for the bible or the shotgun so they dumped them. They were also given horns to sound their arrival to a station but found them unnecessary figuring that the hoofbeats were lounder than the horns so the horns were dumped also. In the beginning the pony riders had a uniform. Red shirts, slouch hats, and denim jeans tucked into their boots. After awhile the uniforms were abandoned and the riders wore whatever was most comfortable. The first run started in St. Joseph, Missouri on April 3, 1860. Johnny Frey the first carrier would ride as fast as possible for about 75 miles stopping every 10-15 miles at a station for a fresh horse and then pass the mail to another rider. The next rider would travel 75 miles and pass it to another rider and so on for day and night for 2,000 miles and 10 days. Mail would travel both ways, east and west, once or twice a week. When the mail arrived in California all work was abandoned. Everyone wanted to hear from their relatives and friends from back east. The rider was the most welcome sight in California. The Pony Express lasted for 18 months, 308 runs, and 34,753 pieces of mail. Day by day the telegraph wire was stretched further west and the Pony Express become less and less important. Along with that and a little bad management the Pony Express ended on November 21, 1861. The riders had given the United States a vital service for 18 months.

Pericles Analysis Paper

Pericles Analysis Paper Pericles: Analysis Paper Analysis Paper: Pericles Analysis Paper: Pericles Throughout the last few weeks, we have talked about many different events and how they influenced ancient Greece. War, conquest, philosophy, democracy, and literature are some of the few aspects of Greek culture that we have discussed; Pericles played a big role as an Athenian general during what is now called the â€Å"Golden Age† of Greece. Pericles, defined as â€Å"surrounded by glory† (Mark, 2009), was born in 495 B.C. to a very powerful and wealthy family. His father, Xanthippus, was a famous Athenian commander of the Persian War. His mother, Agariste, was from the very politically powerful Alcmaeonid family. It is easy to see that Pericles was naturally born as a future leader. What is now known of Pericles comes from information told by ancient historians Thucydides. As the author of History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides used eyewitness statements as well as his own personal experiences to explain many events that took place during this time. There is speculation, however, regarding Thucydides’ statements about Pericles’ early life; as he was much younger and obviously not present during the experiences. In 472 B.C., Pericles funded the play â€Å"The Persians† by Aeschylus; which was early view of his large wealth as well as his taste for art and politics. In 463 B.C., Pericles essentially banished a leading general, Cimon, by prosecuting him for neglecting a chance to conquer Macedonia. This was a major victory for Pericles, as it showed his continued interest in the success and expansion of the Athenian Empire. He was eventually chosen by the people as strategos, or leading general, of Athens where he continued to hold the position for almost 30 years. The Delian League, which was formed during the Persian War, consisted of many Greek city-states and was originally formed to protect against Achaemenian Persia. After the defeat of the super-power that was Persia, the city-states united with pride and the Delian League grew even stronger with donations of wealth, ships, and troops. (Britannica, 2015). Pericles saw this as an opportunity, and decided to use funding from the Delian League to repair buildings and temples that were destroyed during the war. He also used funds to expand his naval fleet, which opened more opportunities for trading and conquering. Democracy originated from the Greek words demos – the people and kratos – power. This is why, even today, it’s considered a government â€Å"by the people, for the people†. Pericles continued to strengthen Athenian government by introducing a direct democracy - where citizens made the decisions by which they lived. This allowed them to control nearly all parts of the political process. (Cartwright, 2014) This new way of government not only helped shape Athens, but also influenced government in western civilization for years to come. Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens was becoming very wealthy and powerful. The city-state of

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer question - Essay Example This they all agreed to report to young Hamlet, whose uncle is now ruling Denmark. The rallying army of Norway that would like to regain access to their lands and would probably set to conquering Denmark to account for their King’s demise, has led to intricate preparations in Denmark. I find it somehow offensive that I am not taken up for my word; that I am seen as weak and frail by my brother and a liar by my father. And all this is because I am in close favors with Hamlet, our prince. I find it insulting that people judge by the things they heard, no matter where it came from. Gossip is such a pastime in this country that even the Prince and the King are subjected to them. My bother has made certain that I shall not give up love nor honor for the Prince. I believe he have heard of such things from our sentinel, who claims to know everything. I am lucky to have escaped his advices due to his departure, which I hope will keep him for long. It is better that he leaves, although father suspects of undutiful motives to his departure. Even my father gets input from gossipers. My father is worse still. He made me promise not to see Hamlet again and have concluded that I had been lying to him about being chaste and non-tempted. Hamlet is accused of being wayward and unwarranted for. True, he is Prince. This appears to be the reason for their dislike, as all his actions must be consulted to the King; hence there is no chance of us getting married seeing that the King and him are always fighting. Yet they do not know Hamlet and still they judge him. I do not agree that he wants me not to see Hamlet again, for I know in my heart that I am not lying. I know of Hamlet’s love and I would like to believe it to be everlasting. And all that I will not discover if this relationship was to end so soon before it even begins. I have never seen Hamlet act stranger than this day. Apparently he is being disturbed by the

Strategic Management functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Management functions - Essay Example Gee and his wife" stay. Vanderbilt University funding is also believed to be used for "Gees' frequent parties and personal chef". It is estimated that "annual tab exceeds $700,000". Trustees of the board at Vanderbilt University had established a committee to monitor the Gee's spending. However, this was not sufficient to strategically control Vanderbilt University finance being spent in the wrong direction. With trustees holding a big stake, they seek accountability for finance sent, and they do not want to handover blank cheques to university leaders. This is particularly the case since it is known that university leaders have been known to misuse university budgets. With or without strategic management implementation, American University expelled President Benjamin Ladner after auditors exposed expenditures by him and his wife that exceeded $500,000. In California, a state audit revealed $334 million was used in unreported pay and perks for University of California staffers. With the most recent Vanderbilt University budget spending being questioned, there is need for better and more effective management. The Wall Street Journal reviewed a committee report about the Vanderbilt University spending. It has advised trustees to "take a more active role in university affairs, including strategic planning, capital spending and management compensation". These are the tools to prevent fraud in future with Vanderbilt University budget. Following some 'spirited board debate'. However, the recommendations to strategically handle the university's spending were implemented. Among some of the strategic recommendations was the creation of a special panel. This panel's job is to "monitor Mr. Gee's budget and outlays for entertainment, travel, food, staff and upkeep of Braeburn". The panel is to report annually to the full board. Although strategic planning implemented is to correct any discrepancies in spending, there is some concern over the board itself. It is thought that individuals who lend support to Mr. Gee are of concern. Individuals who have undertaken contracting with a parking company for instance have not sought out competitor companies. A consultant has advised the board to seek competitors in order to attain more competitive rates for parking. Though the current contract with the parking company is within the market rates, it is believed that more competitive rates could fit the university budget better. With the adoption of strategic management for better oversight and accountability, Vanderbilt University has apparently changed its course as compared to the way things were running not so long ago. With consultants advising the board with better strategies, procedures are more transparent and more democratic. One aspect of this is observed in the fact that the board announced that it was seeking parking bids this July. Other changes observed since the development of strategic management, capital spending and management compensation are observed in new employment compensation. Aside from finance being saved through hiring the most competitive services for the university, funds that are saved can be used for upgrading staff salaries. With Mr. Gee asserting that he is in favor of

Database Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Database - Assignment Example A class can either have no bookings as minimum or 10 bookings as maximum (cardinality marked as (0, 10) near CLASS/VISIT entity). A booking must always have a class related to it and one class is the maximum (cardinality marked as (1, 1) near BOOKING entity). BOOKING and OWNER An OWNER can have several BOOKINGs and a one BOOKING have a single corresponding OWNER. Hence, one to many relationship exits between these entities (Marked with 1 and M near the respective entity). An OWNER may always have a booking and a booking should always have owner. It is considered a BOOKING and OWNER are mandatory for each other. An OWNER at least has one booking in minimum or many bookings (cardinality marked as (1, M) near OWNER entity). A booking must always have a owner related to it and one owner is the maximum (cardinality marked as (1, 1) near BOOKING entity). OWNER and DOG An OWNER can have several DOGs and a DOG have a single OWNER. Hence a one to many relationship exits between these entities (Marked with 1 and M near the respective entity). An owner may always have at least a dog and a dog should always have owner. Hence it is considered a BOOKING and OWNER are mandatory for each other. An owner at least has one dog or many dogs (cardinality marked as (1, M) near OWNER entity). ... A composite entity ‘attend’ was introduced as the linking entity (marked as 1:M on either side of the composite entity). A class may always have a many dogs attending or no dogs attending a class (marked with a circle on the composite entity). A dog should always attend a class. Hence it is considered a DOG is optional for a CLASS/VIST. A class can either have no dogs attending or 10 dogs as maximum (cardinality marked as (0, 10) near CLASS/VISIT entity). A dog must always have at least a class related to it and one class is the maximum (cardinality marked as (1, 1) near BOKING entity). BOOKING and INVOICE An INVOICE can be related only for a one BOOKING and a one BOOKING have a single corresponding INVOICE. Hence a one to one relationship exits between these entities (marked with 1 and 1 near the respective entity). An invoice always has a booking and a booking should always have an invoice. It is considered a BOOKING and INVOICE are mandatory for each other. An INVOICE always has one booking or many bookings as minimum and maximum (cardinality marked as (1, 1) near INVOICE entity). A booking must always have an invoice related to it and one invoice is the maximum (cardinality marked as (1, 1) near BOOKING entity). The primary and foreign key relevant to each entity is presented in their entity definition table as PK and FK respectively. Entity DEFINITION Entity Name: CLASS/VISIT Â   Entity Description: The details of the Classes and Visits are recorded here Attribute Name Data Type Field Length Required Y/N Validation Rule Primary Key / Foreign Key class_id text 50 Y Not Null PK class_name text 100 Y Â   Â   class_day text 15 Y Â   Â   class_max capacity integer 2 Y Â   Â   class_start_date date 20 Y Â   Â   Entity DEFINITION Entity Name: BOOKING Â   Entity Description:

Professional Boundaries in Nursing

Professional Boundaries in Nursing The scope of work of Assistant Medical Officer is very clearly governed by the Board of Medical Assistants which was comes under the preview formed under Malaysian Medical Assistant Act (Act 180), AMO takes the oath of Medical Assistant Code of conduct which serves as an ethical guide map to morally binds steer AMO to its rules and responsibilities. It is therefore the responsibility and morale duty of every Assistant Medical Officer to uphold the medical ethics with professionalism and honor. At no other circumstances AMO are allowed to carry out other work outside the specified prescribed boundaries. However in reality AMO in my clinical set up does lots of duties actually falls under the scope of other professional such as doctor, psychology counselor and dietitian. While it feels good that as an AMO, we can perform many works normally done by other professions however it is not without possible legal implications. Boundaries are an imaginary line that separates the duties of a pa rticular professional from the others. Boundary is the ability to know where one ends and where another person begins. Professional boundaries are important because they define the limits and responsibilities of the professional with whom we interact in the workplace. When workplace boundaries are clearly defined, the organization can function more efficiently because redundant work assignments are eliminated.improve this rational it is because health professional have specilised skills and high quality pt care is a collaboration of skills the optimum benefit of the pt outcome. When everyone in an organization is made aware who is responsible for what, healthier workplace environments are created. Crossing borders No professionalism by AMO No collective power Criss crossing of professional boundaries is the norms of today s chores especially working in Haemodialysis Centre .AMO in Haemodialysis Centre especially in my state is working under a great stress. duress and precarious role. Currently, AMo provide care for 000 dialysis care pt over 19 centre through the state requiring close mentoring and care. In Haemodialysis lots of duties specify critical procedures e.g performed by AMO are not legally sanctioned covered under MA act. These porecedures are carried out on the instructions of Renal specialist who by hirechrichal position of power who acts like Kings control the strings where AMO forced to puppet without questions. Being in this precarious position, AMO professional are extremely vulnerable, as if everything goes well, we will get just get condescending a pat at the back, but when something goes wrong support strings are quickly cut and one get ostracized for breach of professional boundaries. Officers nowadays in Haemodilysis centres are not only to ensure that patients comes for three times dialysis treatment, patients gets adequate dialysis treatment but also to carry out mentorship, the staff as a mentor and the patients as the mentee. Through this the Renal doctors expects nurses and AMO to functions as mini-doctors, i.e the mentor are to know the day to day medical conditions, nutritional conditions, medications and blood parameters of their patients. They are expected to know how to make adjustment to tritrate patients medications and dialysis treatment and also to make referral to renal specialist when necessary as there is no. The ironiny is there is no Renal specialist /doctors through the 18 other rural regionla dialysis centres but a total 12 specilaist conviently stationed in urban hospital in the state`s city. Failure of the mentor to make proper mentorship and care of their patients, the mentor will be scolded admonlished by the doctors and if the mentor dis agree question their role with this ruling, they will be asked to leave of the Haemodialysis Centre. Thus a profession dictated by others without voice of empowerment over a long term cannot mature professionally (RRRRR) and it is for this reason that I have chosen this topic to explore and expose the various flaw, the impact and the possible remedy to our health care system. Lain lain u buat sendirilah Nowadays the public or consumers are more knowledgeable, educated and know their rights, medical knowledge can now be easily accessed right at the comforts of their home via internet and as a results any wrong practices will be subject the AMO and nurses to litigations. It is therefore no surprising that patients are more knowledgeable, than the nurses. As a result they have a higher expectation to receive a good quality of health care and thus push the AMO and Nurses to a stressful situation. Although the AMO and Nurses are capable performing the job but with thoughts of professionalism hanging on their heads they feel that patients are not getting the best professional treatment. Though AMO tried everything possible in order to meet the demand of the patient, but sometime patient are not satisfied as they prefer doctors to AMO/Nurses in terms of prescribing medications and blood test and hence AMO and nurses continue to be yelled. (Vondras et al, 2004).These things make the AMO fee l uneasy as at one point they want to be obedient subordinates but at the same time feel that unprofessionalism is practice. And so the AMO/Nurses works about like headless chicken doing their work without much thinking. I feel that Innocent Nurses and AMO are the most vulnerable groups in the medical professions as they can be force by their superior to carry out jobs which is not in their list of jobs descriptions .However in the last line of the list of jobs descriptions, it states that, to carry out orders or instructions as ordered by a higher authority from time to time . I personally feel that this statement has been long abused by higher authorities such as doctors as this controversial statement is deemed to be a license for doctors and higher authorities to compel the nurses and Assistant Medical Officer to carry out clinical or non clinical activities. Somehow the order of carrying out a mini-doctors job which is a vertical substitution with controversial permissions, are reluctantly carried out by the Nurses and AMO because of the unavailability of Renal specialized doctors and moreover if they dont do the job then the patient will suffer and may even cost the patient life. The mentors wh ich is working under stressed however carry out their jobs minus their heart and with frustrations and they may eventually burnt out, Curci, Linda. (2004) Therefore the Associations of Dialysis for Medical Assistant and Nurses (ADMAN) must stand up and issue a strong collective voice to protects the AMO/Nurses from this continuous exploitations. .However the more important questions is, are the nurses or AMO adequately protected from the law when carrying out certain task which may be a risky procedure and may have a medico-legal implications? The Medical Assistant Board has underline codes of Ethics and professional conduct of AMO which must be observed by all Assistant Medical Officer As not all AMO task are specified, I wonder if the ministry of health will go all the way to protect her staff in the case of law suits. The experience faced by AMO and Nurses is therefore akin to force labor. This abuse is therefore professionally wrong as it lays the major platform of destroying the medical support industry. As a protective strategy in the medical profession, doctors have given the nurses low regard therefore making them to have low self esteem towards their profession and assume subordinate perspectives (Fritz, 2008, p. 82) However jobs which are not listed in the main AMO jobs descriptions are Credentialed and privileged. It is therefore important that all terms and conditions of the process of credentialing and privileging must be observed and documented in order to comply the requirement of credentialing and privileging. How To Document on Credentialing and Privileging Applications. Available at : http://www.ashp.org/s_ashp/docs/files/SCSS_HowtoCredPrivdoc.pdf accessed 30 September 2010 . While credentialing is the process of obtaining, verifying and assessing the qualifications of a healthcare practitioner and to provide patient care services privileging is the process used to identify, document, and approve the specific procedures and treatments that may be performed in a specific setting. Privileges are granted based on the findings of the credentialing function and should only be granted for services that are currently offered by the hospital. Available at : http://knol.google.com/k/kathy-matzka/credentialing-and-privileging/3ep8m4hgro5l7/1# accessed 30 September 2010. The noble mission of ministry of health Malaysia is to lead and inspire through excellence in medical device regulatory system., to influence change and forge partnership that ensure public health and safety, to ensure that only high quality, effective and safe medical devices are available in Malaysia, to encourage and support the innovation and development of technology in medical device industry.( Medical Device Bureau Ministry of Health, Malaysia ). And in Nursing, professional boundaries simply means to establish the immediate legislations and requirements that differentiate the nurses and doctors scope of works (Ruth Constance ,2008, p. 39). Nursing profession is born out of ethics and desire to ensure that high levels of purity and integrity of life is observed (Barbara Lynn, 2008, p. 109). When there is lack of clear definition of specific boundaries in terms of specialization, the doctors are considered to have more impact in treatment of the patients than the nurses (Anne, 2008, p. 277). Nurses are not allowed to challenge any of the surgeons decisions but just to follow instructions as the surgeons finish the patients operations within short periods and then leave the nurses to carry out nursing care of the patient (Fritz, 2008, p. 82). Besides being a clear generalization, assumption, deliberate or unintentional underrating of the nurses profession, it is a clear indicator of torn delineations that lacks clear outlining for harmonious operations (Bessie Huston, 2008, pp. 752-753).Nurses are therefore required to assume their major activities when they are away irrespective of the main reason (Ruth Constance, 2008, p. 40). With lack of proper institution for defining the boundaries, the nurses are consumed in their calm built nature of service towards humanity (Colyer, 2004, pp. 408-104) .Using strong legislative framework and policy guidelines, nursing should be guarded like other professions and define the required relationship with the doctors in their areas of work (Bridgit, 2008, p. 569). When there is a criss crossings violations by doctor intrusions they allow do but wont empower you. Surface icing doctors may need AMO/Nurses helps but in reality they dont allow the AMO/Nurses to practice outside making the AMO/Nurses only the tool of convenience .However If everybody wants their own border of practice, everything have to wait for the doctors thereby causing a mark increase of public complaints. Therefore care should now be multi-taskings and coordinating care . Why I do cross boundaries, I do for the following reasons :- Because I am facing the patients If I dont do the public will complaints Critical to do patient will do Sometimes expatriate doctor with questionable qualifications patients may die but if my mother or relatives I want them to do it correctly. What happen if I do then Patient recovered really well I will save reputations of the my hospital Pat on the back from the doctor however it not done openly However patient will not be happy . But what happen if there is a complications when I do it then I will be Trying to be smart Trying to be a doctor Model for crossings borders Counsellings deepressed patients suicidal Anne, M. (2008) Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential Knowledge for the Profession. New Jersey: Jones Bartlett Publishers Barbara, M. Lynn, K. (2008) Holistic Nursing: A Handbook for Practice. New Jersey: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Credentialing and Privileging? Available at : http://www.ashp.org/s_ashp/docs/files/SCSS_HowtoCredPrivdoc.pdf accessed 30 September 2010 Colyer, H. M .(2004) The Construction and Development of Health Professionals: where will it end?, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48 (4), pp. 406-412. Fritz, A. (2008) Physicians at War: The Dual-Loyalties Challenge. Miami: Springer Publishing Press. How To Document on Credentialing and Privileging Applications. Available at : http://www.ashp.org/s_ashp/docs/files/SCSS_HowtoCredPrivdoc.pdf accessed 30 September 2010 Medical Device Bureau Ministry of Health, Malaysia http://www.mdb.gov.my/mdb/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=62Itemid=113 Ruth, F. Constance, J. (2008) Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function. San Francisco: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Curci, Linda. (2004). Burnout. http://www.counseling.caltech.edu/articles/burnout.html. Life Positive. 2000. Stress at workplace. http://www.lifepositive.com/Mind/psychology/stress/stress-at- work.asp#causesofworkplacestress

Canadarm :: essays research papers

Canadarm 2 The Canadarm 2 is a very important contribution from Canada, to the international Space station. Its complex design allows it to move through out the international space station and supply the station with useful tasks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Canadarm was launched form earth on the shuttle flight #104 witch is also known as Endeavour. On April 2001 the Endeavour was caring much more then just the Canadarm, it was caring the crew who would install the new Canadarm to the international space stations. The crew on the shuttle was Kent V. Rominger, Jeffery S. Ashby, Chris A. Hadfield, John L. Phillips, Scott E. Parazynski, Umberto Guidoni and Yuri Lonchakov among these astronauts was Chris A. Hadfield the first Canadian who walked in space? Chris Hadfield graduated from Milton District High School in 1977, after that he joined the Canadian armed forces in May 1978. Then for the next two years he attended Royal Roads Military College, Victoria B.C., then he in rolled for 2 year in Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, he graduated with a mechanical engineering degree. He then pos t-graduate research at the University of Waterloo, Ontario in 1982, then managed to get a Masters of Science degree in Aviation Systems from the University of Tennessee in 1992. Chris Hadfield was 1 of 4 to be picked as Canadian Astronauts from a field of 5,330 in June 1992. Chris Hadfield flew as the first Canadian mission specialist, the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm in orbit, and the only Canadian to ever visit Mir   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chris Hadfield helped install and operate the Canadian arm wall he was in space. He also earned the title of the first Canadian to walk in space. The Canadarm was designed by M.d Robotics to not have any fixed ends so it could crawl along the space station to repair or to move parts on the Space Station. The Canadian arm is 17.6(55ft) long with 7 motorized joints that can turn 540 degrees. The arm is controlled by an astronaut inside the space station, the astronaut is able to see through 4 color cameras that will help him control the arm in how it’s suppose to be used. The arm is designed to carry up to 255,736 pounds of space station material off and on the space station. The arm will have to be used to move every thing into place on the space station. Its main goal will be to make the astronaut’s job a lot easier and safer by the arm doing the most of the work.

Concerns of Ethics in Management

What is the status of ethics in management? This is a very hard question to address in a three to four page paper because there is no definite answer. As with many society-wide concerns, ethics runs the entire spectrum of behaviors; from Wal-Mart being very customer oriented and a friend of charity to those fly-by-night repair scams that tend to prey on the elderly. When does a business cross the line from making a profit to stealing a profit? That is a hard line to gauge. Laws are designed to make that line a little clearer but laws can't out think the mind of man. If a way can be thought of to make money it already has been or is being thought of. It's where people are taken advantage of that we need to worry. There are many business in place that simply prey on the people who don't know any better. Whether its the feature on Prime-Time that shows elderly people tricked into phony home repairs or the local business that offered a friend of mine a computer at an inflated price with an outrageous financing plan, some business practices are unethical. What I will focus on today is not the clearly right or the clearly wrong but that vast amount of items that are in the middle. Looking at more of a gray area, Wal-Mart is generally viewed as an ethical company but even they have a reputation for unfair competition. Wal-Mart has a marketing plan that targets smaller cities with large-volume discount stores. While this may not appear to be unfair on its face, many people have felt it's negative effect. When Wal-Mart moves into a market, many of it's smaller competitors go out of business. Small business in small towns can't compete with the prices, availability, or selection of a huge conglomerate like Wal-Mart. People in the towns don't have much of a choice. Pay more for less or pay less for more? Not are hard decision. But the ultimate effect is that many small business can't survive the competition. Is that ethically wrong? That is a very hard call to make. I recently had an experience of buying a new car. I shopped around Coos Bay and also in Roseburg while on a recent trip. I was in the market to buy a Dodge Ram. The prices seemed to be about the same in these two markets. My father and I decided to drive to Portland to look further. When we got there, the first dealership that we saw had over thirty Dodge Rams on the front lot with a recent shipment of more in the back. Compared to the Coos Bay dealership which had nine. Immediately, I noticed that the price at that dealership was $1,300 less than the same model with the same package in Coos Bay. Both stickers said the price quoted was the manufacturers suggested retail price. Already over $1,000 to the good, we decided to look further. We found six Rams that had an additional mark down of $2,000. This was because of an engine style in the process of being phased out that had an additional rebate. Looking at the two different models from Portland and Coos Bay we would save $3,300 by buying here. We decided to look no further. We selected the color and bought my truck. Overall, we had a very pleasant experience but what about the people who buy from the Coos Bay dealership and spend over $3,000 more? Are they being unethically taken advantage of? That's a hard call as well. I took an equal opportunity class in High School and during that class someone inevitably brings up car prices in Coos Bay as being unfair. Are these prices unfair or is it just the law of supply and demand? Was the two thousand dollars that I saved in Portland because that model car wasn't available to the dealership in Coos Bay? That difference can be easily excusable. The other $1,300 I have a harder time with. I took detailed notes and both stickers were basically identical with the exception of price. Each indicated a different manufacturers suggested retail price. Ethically, I think the line has been crossed. There can't be two different manufacturers suggested retail prices for the same car. One has to be wrong. I had a good experience buying this car but not everyone will. I've been to the dealerships in the past that have used those high pressure tactics to coerce people into buying or spending more than they can afford. Those are the kind of ethical issues that can't be legislated. Thinking through the ethics issues reminded me of my car buying experience because just like in the ethical issues, there is no clear cut answer. In ethics, one would think that there is right and wrong but in real life cases of ethics in business there is not. There is no black and white answer only millions of shades of gray. Think about junk faxes, what is so wrong about sending an unsolicited advertisement to someone. People get them almost every day in their mailbox. It seems like a reasonable response but the differences are great. The junk fax ties up an important communication tool of the company and the costs are split between the sender and the recipient without the recipient's permission. The cost to the sender is simply the cost of a telephone call. While the cost to the recipient is the cost of paper, ink, and power to receive the call in addition to the loss of use of the machine during reception. I wouldn't want to get junk mail in my mailbox, if I had to pay for it!. I don't like it much even when I don't have to pay for it. But is this practice of junk faxing wrong? I say no. Ethically, I feel that it's not wrong if the faxes are reasonable in length and company has a process to quit sending faxes if a recipient requests. I was the recipient of one junk fax. It came into my mailbox here in Talent at the Anjou Club. It was an advertisement to buy office supplies. Now there is no law, either civil or military, that prohibits this but I realized this isn't something that the Apartment complex should pay for. I took the fax to the manager's office and they drafted a letter to request that it be stopped. They stated that if any more faxes were received, Anjou Club apartment's would no longer do business with this company. This was motivation enough for them not to do it. I never received another fax. With business, that is how the system must work. If the pursuit of the bottom line goes to far, then the bottom line must be threatened. I don't think there is anything ethically wrong with many business practices. It's all a matter of people being satisfied with the product that they are getting. If they are satisfied, the business will flourish. If not, it will suffer. That is probably the best way to measure ethics in management. Overall, I think the status of ethics is management needs some work. There are very good companies out there that charge a fair price to make a reasonable profit but there are many business in place that prey on the weak and poor.

China Compare to Australia

Abstract Consumer behaviour is important for any marketer. Cross cultural analysis provides crucial information as to what can be successful exported to international markets. In relation segmentation in China Australians need understand culture, subculture and cross-cultural affiliation. Another important factor when considering marketing opportunities is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. It is ever present that there are economic and cultural differences within China. Due to increased globalization and increased Westernisation of China cultures are beginning to blend.Understanding these two theories is imperative for exporters trying to expand into the diverse and complex Chinese market. Introduction: Cross-Cultural Analysis The Australia -China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) is offering the opportunities for Australian exporters to a gain more sustainable competitive advantages in the second largest economy in the world. Chinese domestic economic growth, liberalisation, and recent membership to the World Trade Organisation have given opportunities for Australian exporters and firms to expand in China (ACCI, 2004).Therefore, cross – cultural analysis has become an important tool for Australian marketers in analysing to what extent consumers of the two different nations differ. As a result, marketers will be able to study and understand in-depth the foreign market which to whom they will market their products to, since cultural acknowledgement will have a significant impact to every aspects of marketing particularly in segmenting the market and understanding the consumers' behaviors. People from different countries have different culture that shaped their characteristics and behaviors in their purchasing activity.Chinese Culture vs. Australian Culture (Segmentation: Culture, subculture and cross-cultural affiliation) Consumer behaviour is the most essential aspect of marketing, which outlines what consumers’ need, and what influences their buying behaviour. Therefore, it is vital to discuss the cultural, social, personal and physiological characteristic of the Chinese consumers in order for Australian marketers to understand Chinese consumer behaviours in order to successfully penetrate into the Chinese market. There are several ifferent studies conducted by experts which accentuate that the immature Chinese market's behaviour is similar to Australian culture who are price and brand sensitive, and are now constantly moving towards mature market, who view the well known foreign brands with superior quality and service as leverage to their social status (Yi-You, 2004). This movement is the result of the Chinese culture that underpins the importance of social status and a robust economy that boosts consumer confidence in spending (Giele, 2009). For instance, the sales figure for luxury cars in China has surprisingly increased within 2005-2010.According to the customs figures China has imported more than 100,000 luxury cars in recent years, approximately valued at $4. 84 billion (China Business, 2006). This example underlines the growing Chinese economy that significantly affected by consumers' spending bahaviour. It is obvious that Australia is similar in a sense where we live in a culture that underpins importance of social status; however this does not mean Australians will go out and buy a luxury car for the sake of promoting their economical situation.Australian consumers tend to use a cost-benefit analysis, that is, will the benefits of the vehicle outweigh its price, if yes sales will tend to increase, if no sales will drop (Reh, 2009). Therefore while there is a small similarity in demographic segment opportunities (socio-economical status), the buyer behaviour decision still differs. Luxury Cars Thus, it is crucial for Australian marketers to choose the best entry and pricing strategies to gain the potential market's loyalty and trust.In relation to the car industry, Australian subsidiaries such as Holden and Ford can penetrate the market with their high end vehicles the Calais, Caprice, Senator and Mondeo and ultimately make Chinese consumers aware of the quality and luxury that such brands underpin (Financial Times, 2009). In doing so exporters need to set themselves aside from competitors including Mercedes, BMW, AUDI and even neighbouring brand Lexus and show consumers the unique opportunity of investing in an Australian Luxury Vehicle. Chinese Superstition Furthermore, distinct Chinese culture is also playing an important role in shaping consumer's behaviour.Chinese people believe in â€Å"Feng Shui†, it is the strongest cultural impact on consumers in the decision-making process. This Differs from Australian culture who has a different perspective on such superstitious belief, in most cases Australian consumers would mock a marketing strategy with such a belief. Thus where the buying decisions of the Chinese is dependent on this cultural principle, the Australi an consumers care more about product quality, price, perceived benefits and service of the product, as opposed to what the product represents (Giele, 2009). Chinese believe that Feng Shui will bring them luck and peace.Therefore, Chinese consumers will consult â€Å"Feng Shui† experts before making the purchasing decision. For example, Chinese people interpreted number four (? pinyin si) as bad luck since it is nearly homophonous to the word â€Å"death† (? pinyin si). Therefore people in China do not like anything that involving number four (Lubin, 2010). In saying this when marketing Australian exporters should market in relation to positive Feng Shui beliefs in China. For example when marketing Australian wine which is rapidly increasing in popularity in the Chinese market, a marketer should avoid any aged wine with the number four.That is for example Shiraz from 2004, 1994, 1984. This has been reflected in the dramatic fall in sales, during 2004, and marketers were bewildered as to why it occurred (Lubin, 2010). Marketers should in fact promote wine from years that have the number eight included, as this is a symbol of prosperity and happiness. In saying this in the year 2008 Australian wine exporters could not keep up with demand from Chinese consumers, an increase in 32% from the previous year (Winefacts, 2009).Thus in order for Australians to penetrate the market they should do so harmoniously with the Feng Shui principle in order to succeed. Exporting alcoholic beverage to the Chinese Segment Culture is one of the most important factors and basic causes that influence consumer behaviour. It involves the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge which determine consumer’s buyer behaviour (Schiffman et al. 2008). For example, when there are a small number of consumers, it is easy for them to try and feel product variations and quality then the producer must meet the expectation.If these expectations are not met, consumers would never repurcha se that product. However, if there are a large number of consumers, a brand name must be established in order to reach new consumers, and it will develop with continued purchase by the consumer. In this process, marketer must adjust the product depending on different segmentations like culture. Take beer for instance, when a new brand of beer is introduced into a beer drinking country like Australia, fresh beer is always kept chilled, and Consumers do not want to order beer without being cool.It also needs to be kept away from the sunlight to maintain its taste, which is different from Chinese. In China, beer does not need to be kept in freezer and always exposed to the sunlight. Moreover, there is a difference of beer taste between Australian consumers and Chinese consumers. If the company exports the Australian beer directly to China, Chinese consumers will not accept it because Australian beer tastes too strong for the Chinese consumer (Mona Chung , 2007). Similarly, Chinese whit e spirit cannot fit Australian consumers because it is too hot for them.Nowadays, China's taste for wine provides a great market opportunity to Western Australia. Chinese consumers are growing interest for nice Australia wine. Agriculture and Food Minister, Mr. Redman said â€Å"Premium wine industry is gaining the attention of consumers in China, but to date there has not been a Chinese language book with information on WA wineries for this market†. Because Chinese consumers are getting thirst for Australia wine, Redman had launched a book in mandarin in Shanghai about Australian wine which includes 100 local top wineries in order to satisfy Chinese consumer expectation.Australia is one of top suppliers of wine to China. The wine exported annually to China has increased by 20% over the past 2 years (Josette Dunn, 2010). Redman predicts that the number of wine imported to China would grow to 1. 26 billion in 2013. Also , according to the research , total Australian wine expor ts to China grew 37% annually from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 and increased at a rate of 84% annually from 2004-2005 to 2009-2010 . Moreover , wine intelligence shows the market in China which import wine could grow to between 70 and 80 million cases by 2025 (2010).In saying this, it is obvious that when segmenting to the Chinese market, marketers must take into account the diverse cultural beliefs of Chinese consumers, but also take into account the close similarities between buyer behaviours of the two nations. Hierarchy of needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (appendix 1) has been cited in numerous texts both in psychology and marketing. In the marketing context the hierarchy is useful in interpreting how different products and services satisfy different needs. The hierarchy is based on intuitive notion that certain needs must satisfied, at least partially, before reaching the next level.The most basic need of the hierarchy is physiological, examples are food, water and breathing . The next level is safety and security needs which covers shelter, protection and stability. These first two levels are necessary for human survival. The next three levels consist of psychological needs. These respectively are:- social needs such as affection, belonging and friendship; ego needs which includes prestige, status and self-respect and final self-actualisation which is the idea of self fulfilment or finding meaning with one’s life. Differences between culture China is generally considered a Collectivist culture.Collectivism is based on unity of the group, where people are encouraged to conform to society and do what is best for the community as a whole (Britannica, 2010). This means individuals are more easily persuaded by friends and family as there is a strong desire to fit in. Contrastingly, Australian and other Western Cultures are seen individualist societies where more emphasis is placed on each person being unique. This is why marketing is focused on makin g individuals stand out rather than blend in with the rest of the crowd (see appendix 2 & 3 for examples).In the Chinese commercial (appendix 2) it can be seen that collective culture and history still plays a major role in Chinese culture. The ad clearly targets the social need as Pepsi is seen to be drunk by the group and the new student must crush the can to be accepted into this culture. This allows him to become part of the dynasty and conform to the norm. This is juxtaposed to American commercial (appendix 3) where the individual is the focus of ad. It appeals to the ego and self actualisation needs as by drinking Pepsi you can achieve your ambition and be separated from the rest of the crowd.Thus the distinct marketing differences between the Collective Chinese culture and individualistic Australian culture can be seen. China is the world’s fastest growing economy and as such there has been a huge influx of Multi-national corporations. This has started to have an influ ence on China’s urban areas as they are becoming individualistic due to Western products. The change can also be attributed to the one child policy. This has made the new generation of Chinese far more self-centred and have become more indulgent in themselves as costs to run a family have lowered dramatically.This has allowed this generation far greater influence over their families decision making (Mari, 2008). Though Australia is seen as a uniform society where there is little poverty and relatively small gap between rich and poor in China however there is very distinct divide between urban and rural populations. The annual per capita income of urban Chinese was roughly three times as high as their rural counterparts and the Engel coefficient was 37% for urban and 46% for rural (Mari, 2008). Even more demonstrative is that Chinese urban and rural consumer spend only 3. and 2. 13% of their total income respectively on entertainment. This is compared to Australia where our to tal GDP per capita is $38,911 (World economic outlook database, 2010) and the average household spends a $150 a week on both groceries and entertainment. This equates to 22% of GDP per capita. It is obvious Australian culture focuses on high levels rather than the lower need on the hierarchy (ABS, 2006). The effect of Culture on the Hierarchy The differences in purchasing behaviour for urban and rural Chinese can be explained by Maslow’s needs hierarchy.People living in rural China live in a far more traditional society (Collective) and their consumption of goods is used to satisfy the social need to give a sense of belonging. Though the majority of their earnings is to satisfy their physiological, safety and security needs. The bicycle is an example of the social differences of culture in China. The bicycle is the main mode of transport as cars are still too expensive to afford for rural commuters. The bicycle is fulfilling their safety and security need as it allows people to get to work and thus provide for their family.Contrastingly, bicycles and bike riding in Australia is seen as a subculture mainly for leisure. Consumers who purchase bikes are doing so for their ego and self actualisation needs as they are simultaneously helping to lower pollution and increasing their physical appearance (At, 2006) Chinese; moving up Maslow’s Hierarchy Due to the cultural differences, there are high demands in luxurious branded items such as Louis Vuitton. This demand has increased due to higher incomes which has led consumers to access the higher levels of Maslow’s hierarchy.Chinese people are now purchasing luxury items for the prestige and social status which is associated with the high end brand. Loius Vuittton introduced itself into China as must have brand in order to conform to popular culture (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2007) Therefore, marketers of this brand have successfully expanded into this emerging market as it is evident that Chinese co nsumers tend to buy the same brand as others which is represented in their buying culture (Yau, 2007). However, Australians are less concerned about conforming to society so once a brand becomes popular consumers tend to try and create a new fashion trend.When Loius Vuitton markets to Australia it has constantly change its products as to not become a ‘fad’ or lose interest allowing customers to remain brand loyal. Australian Exporting opportunities It appears there are opportunities for Australians to export into China. As more and more urban areas are becoming Westernised more international companies are trying to gain entrance into the Chinese market. Hence as China’s economy continues to grow so will the income of its population giving them more discretion on purchases as they move up Maslow’s needs hierarchy.To effectively market to these consumers at present an Australian exporter would use direct marketing and word of mouth to make use of Collectivis t culture of China. Exporting education is the most worthwhile export. Marketers can accentuate the self actualisation and ego needs of the Chinese people and show them that by attending an Australian University they are likely to have a better education, giving them more employment opportunities, ultimately a better way of life thus satisfying these higher level needs.Moreover, Australian exporters can highlight to Chinese businesses the growing importance of speaking English, which they can gain under an Australian education. This will give them a far greater ability to expand outside of Asia. To make this easier Australian Universities can situate a campus within China in order to grant easier access to Australian education. This maintains the social needs of Chinese students but could fulfil their ego and self actualisation by learning English from a prestigious institution.Recently the world expo in Beijing gave Australian exporters a chance to promote Australian education and give a good insight into the benefits of studying in Australia (Xiuyun, 2009). Conclusion It is evident there exists great potential for Australians to expand in the Chinese market but in order to do this they must understand socio-cultural segmentation and why different segments embody different needs on Maslow’s hierarchy. It is also important to understand the similarities between the two nations as China is becoming more Westernised, therefore insight into Western and Chinese culture is collectively important.References At, M. 2006, Bicycle culture, Copenhagenize. com, viewed at 26th August 2010 . Australian Bureau Statistics, 2010, Perspectives on Regional Australia, Australian Government view at 25th August 2010, . Australian Chambers of Commerce And Industry, 2004, Australia-China Free Trade Agreement, ACCI, Viewed 25th August 2010 . Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation 2009, Winefacts, Australian Government, viewed 27 August 2010 . Reh, JF 2009, Cost-Benefit Analysi s, About. com, viewed 27 August 2010, . Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation , Did you know? -China , Issue 31, 6 August 2010 , viewed 27th August 2010 . Bloomberg Businessweek 2007, Louis Vuitton's Life of Luxury, Bloomberg, viewed August 23rd 2010 ;http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/07_32/b4045419. htm;. Chan RYK 2001, ‘Determinants of Chinese consumers’ green purchase behaviour’, Psychology and Marketing, vol. 18, issue 4, pp 389 – 413 Chung M. , Smith W. 2007, The Importance Of Overcoming Cultural Barriers In Establishing Brand Names: An Australian Company In China, Innovative Marketing, Volume 3, Issue 2.China Business, 2006, Luxury Car Sales Booming in China, Asia Times online, viewed 25 August 2010 ;http://www. atimes. com/atimes/China_Business/HK28Cb02. html;. Dunn J. , June 28 , 2010 . China’s taste for WA wine translates to market opportunity ,viewed 27th August 2010 , ;http://www. ausfoodnews. com. au/2010/06/28/chinas-taste -for-wa-wine-translates-to-market-opportunity. html;. Encyclopedia Britannica 2010, Collectivism, Encyclopedia Britannica, viewed at 25th August 2010 ;http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/125584/collectivism;.Financial Times 2009, Shopping Habits of China’s Suddenly Wealthy, Save the Elephants, viewed 25 August 2010 ;http://www. savetheelephants. org/news-reader/items/shopping-habits-of-chinas-suddenly-wealthy. html;. Gatfield, T ; Youseff, M 2001, ‘A critical examination of and Reflection on the Chinese Family Business Unit and the Chinese Business Clan’, Family Business Review, vol. 14, issue 2, pp 153 – 158 Giele, F 2009, Chinese Consumer Behaviour: An Introduction, Frans Giele, viewed 25 August 2010 ;http://fransgiele. be/freematerial/2009chineseconsumerbehaviour. pdf;.Lubin, G 2010, A Short guide to the Buying Habits of Chinese Noveau-Riche, Business Insider, Viewed 25 August 2010 ;http://www. businessinsider. com/a-short-guide-to-the-buying-ha bits-of-chinese-nouveau-riche-2010-7;. Mari, A. 2008, Understanding Chinese rural consumers, Course of International Management, viewed 25th August 2010 ;http://www. scribd. com/doc/10863701/Understanding-Chinese-Rural-Consumers-Implications-for-marketers-by-Alex-Mari;. Sun, L 2007, ‘Understanding Self-gift Consumer Behaviour (SGCB) in China: How culture influences SGCB’, MA in Marketing thesis,Weinshall, TD 1993, Societal culture and management, de Gruyter-Studienbuch, Germany World Economic Outlook Database 2010, GDP Per Capita, International Monetary Fund, viewed on 25th August 2010. ;http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept. aspx? pr. x. html;. Xiuyun, S. 2009, Education to China, Austrade, viewed August 23rd 2010 ;http://www. austrade. gov. au/Education-to-China/default. aspx;. Yi-You, L 2010, Brand Effect on Consumer Behaviour in China, Southern

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My Life Changing Experience â€Å"What was that?, look at all those colors, I feel so weird,† we all said one crazy night. A night we thought that we were on top of the world. Techno music blaring, glow sticks flying, and backlights and strobe lights everywhere. But for the grace of God, things were all about to change. For the disciples have said, â€Å"For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten son, to die for us on the cross for our sins†. Without him, I would probably still to this day be one screwed up kid taking L.S.D. all the time, due to my immaturity and curiosity. It was about 11:00 P.M. and there was nothing to do. I ran away from my house because of a fight I had with my parents due to my rebellious behavior. So I called my girlfriend, Megan, who was with my best friend Nate, and they met me about 3 neighborhoods down, on a dark street. Their ride had to go so we were stuck just sitting on the sidewalk with my cell phone which had only 1 bar of battery left. â€Å"Hello†, I said, â€Å"Hello.† That was it. My cell phone had died. So now we were stuck on a sidewalk with no ride, we were past curfew, and to top it off, I had a pocket full of L.S.D. As time went by, we sat and sat, and then my friend Nate pops the question, â€Å" Do you want to take some acid?† With nothing to do and us being addicted to drugs at the time, we all agreed. Now there was no turning back. We took the drug and our night had begun. Even though we were under the influence of drugs, we still didn’t want to stay out all night with the possibility of cops picking us up. There was nothing we could do. But then I saw a car pass and I said, â€Å"HEY!† And what do you know it was one of my old friends. I sweet-talked him for a little bit, caught up on old times, and then asked him, â€Å" Is there any chance that you could give us a ride?† And he replied,† sure, hop in†. Things were going our way (so we thought), and we continue... Free Essays on My Life Changing Experience Free Essays on My Life Changing Experience My Life Changing Experience â€Å"What was that?, look at all those colors, I feel so weird,† we all said one crazy night. A night we thought that we were on top of the world. Techno music blaring, glow sticks flying, and backlights and strobe lights everywhere. But for the grace of God, things were all about to change. For the disciples have said, â€Å"For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten son, to die for us on the cross for our sins†. Without him, I would probably still to this day be one screwed up kid taking L.S.D. all the time, due to my immaturity and curiosity. It was about 11:00 P.M. and there was nothing to do. I ran away from my house because of a fight I had with my parents due to my rebellious behavior. So I called my girlfriend, Megan, who was with my best friend Nate, and they met me about 3 neighborhoods down, on a dark street. Their ride had to go so we were stuck just sitting on the sidewalk with my cell phone which had only 1 bar of battery left. â€Å"Hello†, I said, â€Å"Hello.† That was it. My cell phone had died. So now we were stuck on a sidewalk with no ride, we were past curfew, and to top it off, I had a pocket full of L.S.D. As time went by, we sat and sat, and then my friend Nate pops the question, â€Å" Do you want to take some acid?† With nothing to do and us being addicted to drugs at the time, we all agreed. Now there was no turning back. We took the drug and our night had begun. Even though we were under the influence of drugs, we still didn’t want to stay out all night with the possibility of cops picking us up. There was nothing we could do. But then I saw a car pass and I said, â€Å"HEY!† And what do you know it was one of my old friends. I sweet-talked him for a little bit, caught up on old times, and then asked him, â€Å" Is there any chance that you could give us a ride?† And he replied,† sure, hop in†. Things were going our way (so we thought), and we continue...

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